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Many other Scientologist-run companies and organizations come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies using Hubbard's management teachings, and circulates directory sites of WISE-affiliated services. WISE requires those who wish to end up being Hubbard management consults to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which provides an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This area needs growth. You can assist by contributing to it. In order to assist in the continued expansion of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the form of powerful or reputable people. Perth Scientology. Though it has achieved some trustworthiness as a faith in numerous countries, Scientology has also been explained as both a cult and a company.
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For instance, it has actually been kept in mind to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Level playing field individuals it perceives as its opponents. In 1979, several Scientology members were founded guilty for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of federal government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise convicted of fraud, murder and tampering with witnesses in French cases, harmful libel versus lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of presence" may be perceived as "threatening to developed social institutions".
From 1952 up until 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the IRS removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were commercial and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 nations by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost repeatedly for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had actually initially demandedand the Internal Revenue Service recognized the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a religion. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in items for the incoming Barack Obama administration to examine, as identified in an internet survey run by the governmental shift team getting public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular aspects of legal security for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was developed with its head workplace located at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later renamed the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later arranged and dedicated one of the biggest penetration of United States federal companies ever perpetrated by an organization not connected with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described go to this web-site their actions as such: The crime devoted by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope previously unusual. No structure, office, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and prying. No individual or organization was free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past used aggressive tactics in dealing with those it sees as trying to reduce them, referred to as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) first detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair game. Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its creator.
Using blank paper known to have actually been managed by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb risks in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which could have sent out Cooper to jail for a lengthy you can try these out term. The Church's plan was found at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.